What causes vaginal yeast infections?

Vaginal Yeast Infections: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and Prevention

A yeast infection, also known as candidiasis, is an infection caused by an overgrowth of the Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. While Candida is a normal part of the microbiota of the skin, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina, an imbalance in the body’s natural flora can lead to an overgrowth and cause infection.

Symptoms of a Yeast Infection

Symptoms can vary depending on the location of the infection. The most common types of yeast infections are vaginal yeast infections and oral thrush, but they can also occur on the skin or in other areas like the mouth or nails.

Vaginal Yeast Infection:

• Itching or irritation in the vaginal and vulvar area
• Thick, white discharge resembling cottage cheese (odorless or mildly odoriferous)
• Burning sensation during urination or sexual intercourse
• Redness and swelling of the vulva
• Painful intercourse

Causes of Yeast Infections

A yeast infection is typically caused by an overgrowth of Candida fungi, which naturally exist in small amounts in the body. Several factors can disrupt the balance of microorganisms and trigger this overgrowth, including:

Vaginal Yeast Infection Causes:

• Antibiotic Use: Antibiotics can kill off beneficial bacteria that keep Candida in check, leading to overgrowth. If probiotics aren’t taken during and post antibiotic treatment it can lead to an imbalance and overproduction of bacteria. 
• Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy, oral contraceptives, and hormone replacement therapy can increase the risk by altering the vaginal environment (e.g., higher estrogen levels).
• Diabetes: High blood sugar can create an environment in which Candida thrives, increasing the likelihood of infection.
• Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, and immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., steroids) can make individuals more susceptible to yeast infections.
• Poor Hygiene: Wearing tight, damp clothing or not changing out of wet clothes quickly can encourage yeast overgrowth in the vaginal area.
• Sexual Activity: While yeast infections aren’t considered sexually transmitted, sexual activity can trigger an overgrowth of Candida, particularly if there is friction or irritation during intercourse.
• Diet: A high-sugar or high-carb diet can promote Candida overgrowth, as Candida thrives on sugars.

Treatments for Yeast Infections

Vaginal Yeast Infection Treatments:

1. Antifungal Medications:
• Topical Antifungals: These include creams, ointments, or suppositories like clotrimazole, miconazole, or tioconazole, which are applied directly to the affected area for a few days.
• Oral Antifungals: Oral medications like fluconazole (Diflucan) are used in more severe or recurrent cases, typically as a single dose or a series of doses.
2. Probiotics: While research is mixed, probiotics (especially Lactobacillus strains) are sometimes recommended to help restore the vaginal microbiota and prevent recurrence.

Prevention of Yeast Infections

While it's not always possible to fully prevent a yeast infection, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk:

For Vaginal Yeast Infections:

1. Avoid Douching: Douching can disrupt the natural pH balance of the vagina and lead to overgrowth of Candida.
2. Wear Cotton Underwear: Cotton allows the genital area to breathe and reduces moisture buildup, which can encourage fungal growth.
3. Avoid Tight Clothing: Tight pants or underwear made of synthetic fabric can trap moisture and heat, creating an environment conducive to yeast infections.
4. Maintain Proper Hygiene: Wash the vaginal area with warm water (avoid harsh soaps, which can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria).
5. Manage Blood Sugar: If you have diabetes, keeping your blood sugar under control can help prevent yeast infections.
6. Probiotics: Consider taking probiotics or eating foods with natural probiotics (like yogurt) to support a healthy vaginal microbiome.

For Oral Thrush:

1. Maintain Oral Hygiene: Brush your teeth twice daily and floss regularly. If you use inhaled corticosteroids, rinse your mouth afterward.
2. Avoid Smoking: Quitting smoking can reduce the risk of oral thrush.
3. Probiotics: Probiotics (especially Lactobacillus strains) may help prevent oral thrush by supporting healthy oral microbiota.

Conclusion:

Yeast infections, caused by an overgrowth of Candida fungi, can occur in various areas of the body, including the vagina, mouth, and skin. Symptoms typically involve itching, irritation, and unusual discharge. Causes range from antibiotic use and hormonal changes to diabetes and poor hygiene. Treatment often involves antifungal medications, either topical or oral, and may be supplemented with probiotics. Preventive measures include maintaining good hygiene, managing blood sugar levels, and wearing breathable clothing. If you suspect you have a yeast infection, it’s important to get the correct diagnosis. ReliaHealth’s RT-PCR/NAAT tests conduct a highly accurate diagnosis and can detect the exact bacteria causing your yeast infection.